INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that impairs various functional domains of life. In Indonesia, most assessment tools used in mental health care remain focused on symptom measurement rather than functional recov-ery. There is a growing need for contextually relevant, nursing-based instruments to evaluate patients’ daily functioning through direct observation. However, existing instruments often lack sensitivity to cultural context and are not optimized for routine use by nurses in community settings. Objective: This study aimed to develop and test the initial validity and re-liability of a nurse-based Functional Recovery Scale for patients with schizophrenia in a community mental health setting.
METHODS: A pilot study with a quantitative design was conducted from June to August 2024 at an outpatient mental health facility in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 30 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were selected through purposive sampling. The initial instrument consisted of 40 observational items across seven domains: physical, psycho-logical, social, economic, religious, medication adherence, and communication. Construct validity was assessed using Spearman’s correlation, while internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha.
RESULTS: Of the 40 items initially tested, 38 were found to be valid, with r values above 0.361 and p<0.05. Two items (“able to dress independently” and “able to eat independently”) were excluded due to low correlation values, likely because of ceiling effects. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.977. The instrument effectively captured key aspects of functional recovery relevant to the Indonesian cultural context and nursing practice.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The developed instrument demonstrated satisfactory validity and high internal consistency. The final 38-item scale, with its nurse-observed and culturally relevant design, may serve as a practical tool for assessing functional recovery in schizophrenia, particularly in Indonesian community care settings. However, given the small sample size (n=30) and single-site design, further studies with larger samples, multiple sites, and cross-validation against interna-tional instruments are recommended to enhance generalizability and establish inter-rater reliability. These findings suggest that nurse-observed, culturally grounded instruments may offer practical advantages over existing tools in community mental health settings, particularly in contexts where spirituality plays a central role in recovery.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the effect of aromatherapy on nursing students’ skill acquisition and anxiety experienced during skills training.
METHODS: The population of this randomized controlled study consisted of all nursing students actively enrolled at a foundation university during the spring semester of the 2023–2024 academic year. The sample consisted of 73 students (experimental=37, control=36) who met the inclusion criteria and voluntarily participated in the study. Lemon, orange, and frankincense essential oils were used during the intervention. Data were collected using the Descriptive Informa-tion Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skills Checklist.
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in terms of age, sex, or baseline STAI scores (p>0.05). In the experimental group, the mean pretest STAI score was 37.81±10.19, and the mean posttest score was 40.43±10.46; the difference between the scores was statistically significant (p<0.05). In the control group, the mean pretest STAI score was 36.38±9.94, while the mean posttest score was 38.30±10.25; the differ-ence was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Skills Checklist score was significantly higher in the experimental group (77.05±11.26) than in the control group (62.63±11.88) (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of pretest and posttest STAI scores (p>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Aromatherapy may have a positive effect on learning. However, aromatherapy was not found to be effec-tive in reducing students’ anxiety levels.

INTRODUCTION: The field of psychiatric nursing is filled with daunting challenges and stress. Emotional intelligence in nurses is associated with better mental health and work performance. However, there are underlying processes that might moderate these associations. The objective of this study was to explore the moderating role of mindfulness in the relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived stress among psychiatric nurses.
METHODS: The study adopted an explanatory sequential design. In Phase I, quantitative data were collected from 112 working psychiatric nurses in Maharashtra. Those with adequate educational qualifications, experience in the field, and willingness to participate were requested to provide sociodemographic details, followed by completion of question-naires on perceived stress, mindfulness, and emotional intelligence after providing written informed consent. In Phase II, qualitative data were gathered from participants who had the highest (n=10) and lowest (n=10) levels of mindfulness in the previous phase. A semi-structured interview was used to gather data on the stressors they faced, the causes of stress, and coping strategies.
RESULTS: The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that, after controlling for sociodemographic variables, emotional intelligence was negatively associated with perceived stress, and this relationship was moderated by mind-fulness. Those with higher levels of mindfulness tended to use adaptive coping strategies, whereas those with lower levels of mindfulness tended to use maladaptive coping strategies.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived stress and the moderating role of mindfulness. The results suggest that intervention programs focusing on mindfulness skills can be incorporated for psychiatric nurses to improve their mental health.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the major health problems of our era. This study aimed to examine the relationship between university students’ depression levels, spirituality, and feelings of serenity, as no previous study in the litera-ture has addressed this relationship.
METHODS: A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was used. Data were collected from 851 students study-ing at the University of Health Sciences in Ankara, Türkiye, between February and December 2023. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spiritual Orientation Scale (SOS), and Brief Serenity Scale (BSS) were used for data collection.
RESULTS: The mean total scores of the students were 16.46±11.69 for the BDI, 71.62±16.07 for the BSS, and 84.64±25.62 for the SOS. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between serenity, spirituality, and depression (F=120.196; p=0.001). Serenity and spirituality explained 22.5% of the total variance in depression levels (R²=0.225).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Serenity and spirituality were found to reduce depression levels. Universities are recommended to encour-age students to engage in spiritual and serenity-related activities and to allocate some free time for these activities, which may positively influence depression levels.

INTRODUCTION: Quarter-life crisis (QLC) is a developmental and existential phenomenon commonly experienced by university students and young adults. It is characterized by identity confusion, uncertainty regarding future life direction, and psychological pressure during the transition to adulthood. QLC may negatively affect mental health, academic motivation, and social functioning. Logotherapy, as a meaning-centered form of psychotherapy, has the potential to reduce existential distress and improve psychological adaptation. This study aimed to examine the effect of logotherapy on quarter-life crisis levels among university students and to compare changes in QLC scores between intervention and control groups.
METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with a pre–posttest control group design was conducted. A total of 134 university students were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n=67) and a control group (n=67). QLC levels were measured using a modified Quarter-Life Crisis Questionnaire developed based on Robbins and Wilner’s conceptual framework (Cronbach’s alpha=0.843). The intervention group received structured group logotherapy, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons and the Mann–Whitney U test for between-group comparisons.
RESULTS: Significant reductions in QLC scores were observed in both groups (p<0.001). The control group had a mean reduction of 7.07 points, whereas the intervention group experienced a greater mean reduction of 14.76 points. Mann–Whitney U analysis indicated a significant difference in posttest scores between groups (U=273.5; p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Logotherapy demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing QLC levels among university students. These findings underscore the value of meaning-centered psychosocial interventions for enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity in young adults, supporting their integration into university mental health services.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this scoping review is to synthesize the existing literature on cultural factors influencing mental health help-seeking attitudes to understand how different cultural groups perceive mental disorders and how these perceptions influence their mental health help-seeking attitudes.
METHODS: The scoping review utilized a six-step protocol that included the following key steps: formulating the research question, conducting a literature search, selecting studies, charting the data to extract relevant information from each selected study, collating and summarizing the findings, and disseminating the results.
RESULTS: A total of 1,065 studies were retrieved through electronic databases. Of these, 28 peer-reviewed articles were included in the study. The findings from this scoping review reveal that cultural elements such as attitudes toward mental illness, cultural beliefs about the etiology of mental illnesses, acculturation, and the use of alternative treatment modalities influence mental health help-seeking attitudes and behaviors across different cultural groups. Communities with negative beliefs about mental illness and those that associate mental illness with supernatural causes have lower rates of mental health service utilization and higher rates of social stigma and self-stigma.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners can utilize the findings from this scoping review to provide culturally competent mental health services. These findings can be used in policymaking to improve mental health help-seeking behaviors across different cultural and ethnic groups by facilitating access to culturally competent psychiatric care.

Adolescents' professional help-seeking behavior is significantly influenced by their help-seeking intention (HSI), espe-cially in relation to mental health concerns. Despite being widely used in various studies, the definition, characteris-tics, antecedents, and consequences of this concept remain varied and inconsistent. To strengthen the foundation for interventions and clarify theoretical understanding, concept analysis is required. Using the Walker and Avant method, this concept analysis seeks to elucidate the concept of adolescents' intention to seek help. This approach explores antecedents, characteristics, and consequences using Walker and Avant's conceptual method through eight analytical steps. It also presents case examples that clarify the conceptual boundaries of help-seeking intention among adoles-cents in the context of mental health. Help-seeking intention is defined as adolescents' cognitive and affective pre-paredness to seek professional or non-professional assistance and is influenced by attitudes toward seeking help, sub-jective norms, perceived behavioral control, and evaluations of help sources. In the context of mental health, stigma, social support, and mental health literacy are antecedents of adolescents' intention to seek help. The characteristics of this concept include problem recognition, attitudes toward seeking help, behavioral intentions, and preferences for trusted sources of help. Adolescent help-seeking intention is a multifaceted concept that includes social, affective, and cognitive components. This work provides a stronger theoretical basis for research on mental health literacy-based interventions and adolescent mental health promotion.